Sources

Here is a list of some sources to which I’m particularly indebted, those I’ve quoted in the epigraphs introducing the parts of the book, and those cited in the appendices. The entries often include some facts and thoughts I would like to share with you in the hope that they can help you find reliable and enjoyable literature—if a novel in the Covilhã’s Secret Journal has whetted your appetite for delving into one aspect or another in greater depth.

Many of the original editions of the major accounts and chronicles are archived and accessible on the internet and most of these works have been translated into English. Some biographers of Pêro da Covilhã are also listed under Characters. You can look up persons you’re interested in there to see whether they are listed here. The same applies to topics about which you’d like to find out more: look them up under Glossary to see what sources are mentioned, then come here to read the entries.

An asterisk (*) at the end of an entry indicates that the publication is my Private Library.

A  |  B  |  C  |  D  |  E  |  F  |  G  |  H  |  I  |  J  |  K  |  L  |  M  |  N  |  O  |  P  |  Q  |  R  |  S  |  T  |  U  |  V  |  W  |  X  |  Y  |  Z

A

Africanus, Leo: See → Leo Africanus.

Agius, Dionisius A.: In the Wake of the Dhow. The Arabian Gulf and Oman. Reading, 2002.*

Aḥmad Ibn Mājid an-Najdī. Kitāb al-Fawā’id fī Uṣūl al-Baḥr wa’l-Qawā’id (“The Book of the Benefits of the Principles and Foundations of Seamanship”). See G. R. → Tibbetts, Arab Navigation …. Also see → dabūsa and → monsoon under Glossary at www.prestejoao.com as well as → Aḥmad Ibn Mājid an-Najdī under Characters at www.prestejoao.com.*

Album, Stephen. Checklist of Islamic Coins. Santa Rosa: Stephen Album Rare Coins, 3rd edition, 2011 (https://­www.stevealbum.­com/pdfs/ChecklistOfIslamicCoins3rdEdition2011Free.pdf). See → Muḥammad al-‘Adil aẓ-Ẓāfir under Characters at www.prestejoao.com.

Alcáçova, Diogo de. “Letter from Diogo de Alcáçova to (Dom Manuel), the King (of Portugal), Cochin, 20 November 1506” concerning Sofala. In East Africa. Edited by Malyn → Newitt. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2002. From a translation based on Documentos sobre los Portugueses em Moçambique e na África Central / Documents on the Portuguese in Mozambique and Central Africa, Vol. 1, pp. 388–401. In the series Portuguese Encounters with the World in the Age of the Discoveries by general editor John Villiers. The letter is an early, but somewhat confused insight into the struggles of the Karanga dynasties in Southeast Africa, also included in → Freeman-Grenville’s The East African Coast. The epigraph introducing Iter VIII / TERRA AUREA quotes from pp. 22–23.*

Alegria, Maria et al. “Portuguese Cartography,” in The History of Cartography, Vol. III, Cartography in the European Renaissance. Edited by David Woodward. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.*

Alighieri, Dante. The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. Translated into English in blank verse by (Rev.) Henry Francis Cary. Many editions, first published in England by James Carpenter, 1805–1814. The original Tuscan narrative poem by Dante Alighieri was completed c. 1320, shortly before his death, first printed as La Commedia di Dante Alighieri in Foligno, 1472. It is widely considered the foremost work in Italian literature and established Tuscan as standard Italian. It is available online (an excellent version is Project Gutenberg’s, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1008/ pg1008-images.html#pref02). The epigraph introducing Iter XI / ARABIA PETRÆA quotes from Hell, canto III, first stanza.

Almeida, Francisco de. “Account of the Voyage of D. Francisco de Almeida, Viceroy of India, along the East Coast of Africa” by Hans Mayr, 22 May 1506. In East Africa. Edited by Malyn → Newitt. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2002. From a translation based on Documentos sobre los Portugueses em Moçambique e na África Central / Documents on the Portuguese in Mozambique and Central Africa, Vol. 1, pp. 518–541. In the series Portuguese Encounters with the World in the Age of the Discoveries by general editor John Villiers.

Álvares, (Padre) Francisco. Ho Preste Ioam das Indias, Verdadeira informaçam das terras do Preste Joam. Lisboa: Luís Rodrigues,1540. Father Álvares is not only a contemporary of Pêro da Covilhã, but knew him and devoted a chapter of his book to him. He is considered to be a reliable chronicler. In fact, virtually all accurate information about Covilhã that has come down to us via other chroniclers and later writers of secondary literature can be traced back to this account. See entry below for → Beckingham, C. F. and G. W. B. Huntingford (who revised and edited the English translation). Also see → Álvares, Father Francisco under Characters.

Ayenachew, Deresse. “The Southern Interests of the Royal Court of Ethiopia.” In Northeast African Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011.

B

Baldaeus, Philip: A True and Exact Description of the Most Celebrated East-India Coasts of Malabar and Coromandel and also the Isle of Ceylon. Anonymous translation of the Dutch ed. of 1672. London, 1703; reprint New Delhi, 2000. *

Ballard, (Admiral) G. A.: Rulers of the Indian Ocean. Boston, 1928.*

Barbaro, Josafa; Contarini, Ambrogio: Travels to Tana and Persia. Translated from the Italian ed. by William Thomas and S. A. Roy. Redaction and Introduction by Lord Stanley of Alderley. And: A Narrative of Italian Travels in Persia in the 15th and 16th Centuries. Contains: Travels in Persia by Caterino Zeno; Discourse of Messer Giovan Battista Ramusio on the Writings of Giovan Maria Angiolello; The Travels of a Merchant in Persia; Narrative of the Most Noble Vincentio D’Allessandri. Translated from the Italian and edited by Charles Grey. Published by the Hakluyt Society (Series I, No. 49). Two volumes in one. London, 1873; reprint New York, 1960.*

Barbosa, Duarte: A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, by Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese. Translated From the Portuguese ed. and with an introduction and notes by Henry E. J. Stanley. London, 1866; reprint New Delhi, 1995.*

Barbosa, Duarte: The Book of Duarte Barbosa. An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants, Written by Duarte Barbosa and Completed About the Year 1518 A.D. Translated from the Portuguese ed. of the Royal Academy of Science in Lisbon. Edited and notes by Mansel Longworth Dames. 2 volumes. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 44 und 49). London, 1918.*

Barendse, R. J.: The Arabian Seas 1640 – 1700. Published by the Research School CNWS, Leiden University. Leiden, 1998.*

Barreto, Luís Filipe and José Manuel Garcia: Portugals Öffnung der Welt. Published by the Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobri­mentos Portu­gues­es. Translation from the Portuguese by Helga Santos. Lissabon, c. 1980.*

Barreto, Luís Filipe: Os Navios dos Descobrimentos. The ships of the Discoveries. Published by the Edição da Cirecção de Serviços de Filatelia, Correios de Portugal. Portuguese-English edition. Translation from the Portuguese by José Tavares. Limited edition (No. 1190). Lisbon, 1991.*

Barreto, Luís Filipe (coordination and anthology): Por Mar e Terra. Viagens de Bartolomeu Dias e Pero da Covilhã. Published by the Presidência do Conselho de Ministros, Secretaria de Estado da Cultura, Biblioteca National. Lisbon, 1988.*

Barros, João de. Década Primeira da Ásia. Lisboa: Impressa per Jorge Rodriguez, 1628 (first published in 1552, the fourth and last Década da Ásia posthumously in 1615). João de Barros was a Portuguese royal chronicler, his Décadas da Ásia are widely accepted as eminent accounts of Portuguese exploration and colonization. The epigraph introducing Emissio / LUSITA­NIA quotes (or rather offers a very loosely translated paraphrase by me) from Livro Terceiro, Capitulo V, folio 44.

Baṭṭūṭa, Ibn (’Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Lawātiyy aṭ-Ṭanjiyy Ibn Baṭ­ṭū­ṭa). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa A.D. 1325–1354. Translated, edited, and annotated by H. A. R. Gibb. Cambridge (Vol. I–III) and London (Vol. IV–V): Hakluyt Society, 5 volumes, 1958–2000.*

  • A unique and great travel account of the Islamic world in the 14th century. The epigraph in →Terra Incognita introducing Iter IV: ADELUM REGNUM quotes from Vol. II, p. 373. See Ibn → Baṭṭūṭa under Characters.

Beach, D. N. The Shona & Zimbabwe 900–1850: An Outline of Shona History. London: Heinemann, 1980.

  • An interesting history of the Shona, a Bantu people, who settled in the region of South (-East) Africa, many in today’s Zimbabwe, including information on the Mutapa, Rozvi, and Changamire States.

Beckingham, C. F. “Some Early Travels in Arabia.” In The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (Oct., 1949), pp. 155-176.

Beckingham, C. F. The Achievements of Prester John: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered on 17 May 1966. London: University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. 1966.

Beckingham, C. F. and G. W. B. Huntingford (edited and annotated ). Some Records of Ethiopia 1593–1646; Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida; Together with Bahrey’s History of the Galla, 1593. Published by the Hakluyt Society, London, 1954.

  • I am indebted to the Hakluyt Society for this historically valuable contribution used for my research.

Beckingham, C. F. and G. W. B. Huntingford (editors and revisors). The Prester John of the Indies, being the narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520 written by Father Francisco Álvares. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1961. Translated by Lord Stanley of Alderley, as Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia. Published by the Hakluyt Society, 1881.

  • Originally written by (Father) Francisco Álvares, Ho Preste Ioam das Indias…, first published 1540. Despite Lord Stanley’s problematic translation, Beckingham and Huntingford have done an excellent job of editing and explaining the original work of Father Álvares. It was thus a major source for the novel, and I can recommend it to those interested in 16th-century Abyssinia and the Portuguese expansion.
  • I am indebted to the Hakluyt Society for this historically valuable contribution used for my research.
  • The epigraph introducing Præambulum: MAURETANIA in Terra Barbaria quotes from Vol. II, Ch. CIV, p. 370.
  • See the entry above for Francisco → Álvares, Ho Preste Ioam das Indias…, 1540. See Father Francisco → Álvares, and Mūlāy → Abū’l-Ḥajjāj Yūsuf Ibn Zayyān al-Waṭṭāsī under Characters.

Benabdallah, Abdelaziz. Voyage dans le temps. Rotary Club lecture in French (no location, presumably in Morocco; no date, site copyright 2012) in http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/ Articles/Docs/articles_Voyage_temps.pdf.

  • Note: The site is not secure!
  • “Moly Belagegi,” mentioned by Álvares, Ho Preste Ioam das Indias…, 1540, and translated as such by Lord Stanley, 1881, was “identified by G.-S. Colin (Ricard, p. 84) as → Abū’l-Ḥajjāj Yūsuf Ibn Zayyān al-Waṭṭāsī, who captured Fez in 1471-2” as per Note 2, p. 370, → Beckingham and Huntingford, The Prester John of the Indies, Vol. II, 1961, Professeur Abdelaziz was able to confirm the identity of  “Moly Belagegi,” who Pêro da Covilhã was to visit in Azamur, in the Maghreb. See Moly → Belagegi and Mūlāy → Abū’l-Ḥajjāj Yūsuf Ibn Zayyān al-Waṭṭāsī under Characters.

Bensaude, Joaquim (publisher and introduction): Regimento do estrolabio e do quadrante. Tractada da spera do mundo. A facsimile printing based on the only known copy (probably from 1509), stored in the archive of the K. Hof- und Staatsbibliothek. In: Seltenheiten aus süddeutschen Bibliotheken (Vol. 5). Munich, 1914.*

Best, Thomas à Foster, William: The Voyage of […] to the East Indies […].*

Biddulph, (Colonel) John: The Pirates of Malabar and an Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years Ago. London, 1907.*

Birch, Walter de Gray (translation, redaction, and notes): The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque [de Albuquerque], Second Viceroy of India. Translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774. 4 volumes. London, 1875; reprint  New Delhi, 2000.*

Bīrūnī, Abū r-Raiḥān Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad al-: Al-Bīrūnī. In den Gärten der Wissenschaft. Ausgewählte Texte aus den Werken des muslimischen Universalgelehrten. Published, translated from the Arabic, and annotated by Gotthard Stroh­maier. Leipzig, 2002.*

Bodde-Hodgkinson, C. B.: See Bontekoe…: East Indian Voyage.*

Bontekoe: See Hoorn, [Willem Ysbarntsz] Bontekoe van: Die gefahrenvolle Reise des Kapitäns […].*

Bontekoe, Willem Ysbarntsz: See Hoorn, Bontekoe van: Memorable Description of the East Indian Voyage.*

Bourne, William: See Taylor, E. G. R.: A Regiment for the Sea […].*

Boxer, C. R. (introduction, translation, and redaction): Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada. In which are Related his Exploits from the Year 1619, in which he left this Kingdom Portugal as General of the Sea of Ormuz, and Coast of Persia, and Arabia, until his Death. Based on the Portuguese edition of 1647, edited by Paulo Craesbeeck. New York, 1930.*

Boxer, C. R.: The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825. The History of Human Society. Redaction and Introduction by J. H. Plumb. New York, 1970.*

Boxer, C. R. (translation and redaction): The Tragic History of the Sea 1589–1622 [based on the works of Bernardo Gomes de Brito 1729–1736]. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd series, no. 112). London, 1959.*

Boxer, C. R. (translation and redaction): Further Selections from the Tragic History of the Sea / 1559–1565 [based on the works of Bernardo Gomes de Brito 1729–1736]. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd series, no. 132). London, 1968.*

Boxer, C.R. (redaction): South China in the Sixteenth Century / Being the Narratives of Gaeote Pereira / Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. / Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. / (1550–1575). Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd series, no. 106). London, 1953.*

Brandes, Jörg-Dieter: Korsaren Christi. Johanniter & Malteser – Die Herren des Mittelmeers. Sigmaringen, 1997.*

Breydenbach, Bernhard von: See Geck, Elisabeth: Die Reise ins Heilige Land.*

Broecke, Pieter van den: Pieter van den Broecke’s Journal of Voyages to Cape Verde, Guinea and Angola (1605 – 1612). Translated from the Dutch by J. D. La Fleur. Published by the Hakluyt Society (3rd series, no. 5). London, 2000.*

Brouwer, C. G.: Al-Mukā. Profile of a Yemeni Seaport as Sketched by Servants of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) / 1614–1640. Amsterdam, 1997.*

Brito, Bernardo Gomes de: See Boxer, C. R.: Further Selections from the Tragic History of the Sea.*

Brito, Bernardo Gomes de: See Klotsch, Andreas: Portugiesische Schiffsbrüchigenberichte.*

Brito, Bernardo Gomes de: See Boxer, C. R.: The Tragic History of the Sea.*

Bruce (of Kinnaird), James. Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years 1768 (to) 1773. 1790; 2nd, corrected, and expanded edition in 8 volumes (including a folio volume of plates). Edinburgh: Archibald Constable et al., 1805.*

  • Bruce claimed to have discovered the source of the Nile—he did not (see → Nile River under Glossary). Nevertheless, his account of Ethiopia in the 18th century is important and although his portrayals were thought to be fabrications in England, they were in fact very accurate—except the Nile blunder. His travels are also a good read—if you have the time. See James → Bruce under Characters.

Brunschvig, Robert (publisher): Deux récits de voyage inédits en Afrique du Nord au VXe siècle. Abdalba-sit B. Halil et Adorne. Contains: Reisen des ‛Abd al-Bāsit Bin Halīl aus Ägypten und des Anselme Adorne aus Flandern. Paris, 1935; reprint Paris, 2001.*

Bry, Theodore de (engraver): Die Entdeckung der Erde. Eine Sammlung von Kupferstichen. 4 volumes: De Bry. Amerika oder die Neue Welt (volume I & II); De Bry. India Orientalis (volume I & II). Edited by Friedemann Berger. Leipzig, 1977.*

Buchs, Victor: De Port-Saïd à Aden. In: Bulletin de la Société Neuchateloise de Géographie, Vol. XIII.  Neuchatel, 1901.*

Buckingham, J. S.: Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, Including a journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the Ancient Ecbatana, Researches in Jspahan and the Ruins of Persepolis, and Journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the Sea-shore. Description of Bussorah, Bushire, Bahrein, Ormuz, and Muscat, Narrative of an Expedition against the Pirates of the Persina Gulf, with Illustrations of the Voyage of Nearchus, and Passage by the Arabian Sea to Bombay. London, 1829; reprint Westmead, England, 1971.*

Budge, (Sir) Wallis. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia & Abyssinia. London: Methuen & Co  Ltd., in 2 volumes, 1928. This work is a distinct, lucid record of Ethiopian history from the earliest legendary rulers, through the Solomonic Dynasty, and to the death of King Lebna Dengel in 1540, based on a vast range of sources, including the Ethiopic chronicles. See → Zä-Sәlus under Characters.

Burton, Richard F. (Francis). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah. London: Longman et al., in 3 volumes, 1855–1856.

  • Burton was a British officer, diligent orientalist, bold explorer, prolific writer, and vehement critic of his government’s colonial policy. A keen observer of the human condition, his exploration accounts read like novels. One of his many other accomplish­ments was to translate the Kama Sutra.
  • The epigraph in Terra Incognita introducing Iter X: ARABIA DESERTA quotes from  pp. 2, 13, and 15.
  • See Richard F. → Burton under Characters.

Butler, A. J. Babylon of Egypt, a Study in the History of Old Cairo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1914. A tract on an ancient city on the Nile, later a part of Cairo.

C

Carpenter, Frank G.: From Tangier to Tripoli. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, and the Sahara.   Garden City, New York, 1923.*

Carre, Abbé: The Travels of the Abbé Carre in India and the Near East 1672 to 1674. Translated from the French ed. Based on the travel manuscript of Lady Fawcett and edited by Sir Charles Fawcett with the aid of Sir Richard Burton. 3 volumes. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd series, no. 95, 96, 97). London, 1947.*

Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de: História do Descobrimento & Conquista da Índia pelos Portugueses. Edited and notes by Pedro de Azevedo. 9 books in 4 volumes. 3rd edition. Coimbra, 1924.*

Castro, (Dom) João de: Primeiro roteiro da costa da India; desde Goa até Dio: Narrando a viagem que fez o Vice-Rei D. Garcia de Noronha em soccorro desta ultima cidade. 1538–1539. Based on the manuscript of the viceroy of India. Including the maps: Roteiro de Goa a Dio: Por D. João de Castro. Mappas. Porto, 1843.*

Cenival, P. de und Th. Monod: Description de la Côte d’Afrique de Ceuta au Sénégal par Valentim Fernandes (1506–1507). Paris, 1938.*

Chadwick, Elizabeth. “Sweet as Candy: A few notes on sugar in the Middle Ages.” In The History Girls blog, 2013. At http://the-history-girls.blogspot.com/2013/07/sweet-as-candy-few-notes-on-sugar-in.html.

Charton, Édouard  (publisher): Le Tour du Monde. Nouveau Journal des Voyages. Year 1862, 2nd half. Contains: Voyages de M. Henri Lambert, Agent Consulaire de France a Aden, assassiné près des Iles Moussah (Afrique) le 4 Juin 1859 (pp. 65-80, L. Simonin); Voyage a L’île de Rhodes, 1844 (pp. 39-64, M. Eugène Fladin). Paris, 1862.*

Chattopadhyay, Bhaskar: An Introduction to the Maritime History of India (With Special Reference to the Bay of Bengal Pre-Modern Period). Calcutta, 1994.*

Chaudhuri, K. N.: Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean. An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge, 1985; reprint New Delhi, 1999.*

Chittick, Neville: Kilwa. An Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast. 2 volumes (Vol. I: History and Archaeology; Vol. II: The Finds). Published by the British Institute in Eastern Africa (as  Memoir Number Five). Nairobi, 1974.*

Cipolla, Carlo M.: Guns, Sails and Empires. Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion 1400–1700. New York,    1965.*

Cloupet, M.: New Travels in Arabia Felix. Or, Notes on Trade in the Red Sea and Some Remarks on […] Arabia Felix, compiled there, in 1788. Translated from the French edition of Dominique de Moulins and Carl Phillips. Added to: Roque, Jean de La: A Voyage to Arabia Felix. Introduction and biography by Carl Phillips. Cambridge, 2004.*

Combes, Ed. [Edmond] and M. [Maurice] Tamisier: Voyage en Abyssinie, dan le pays des Galla, de Choa et d’Ifat; précédé d‘une excursion dans l’Arabie heureuse, et accompagné d’une carte de ces diverses contrées; par Mm. Ed. Combes et M. Tamisier. 1835–1837. 5 volumes. Paris, 1838.*

Combes, Edmond: Voyage en Égypte, en Nubie dans les déserts de Beyouda, des Bicharys, et sur les cotes de la Mer Rouge. 2 volumes. Paris, 1846.*

Congresso International de História dos Descobrimentos (publisher): Actas. Vol. 1-6, 1961.*

Correa [Corrêa], Gaspar: Lendas da India. 4 volumes of the Historia da Asia in Collecção de monumentos ineditos para a historia das conquistas dos Portugezes, em Africa, Asia e America. Edited by the Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa under the direction of Rodrigo José Felner. Written c. 1550. Lisbon, 1858.*

Corrêa, Gaspar: The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty. Translated from the Lendas da India of Gaspar Correa. Translated from the Portuguese ed. and with an introduction and notes by Henry E. J. Stanley. 2 volumes. London, 1869; facsimile Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 2002.*

Cortesão, Armando. History of Portuguese Cartography. Coimbra: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 2 vol., 1961 & 1971. An authoritative historian of Portuguese cartography. An earlier 2-vol. work on cartography in the 15th and 16th centuries from 1935 in Portuguese went out of print; this English edition covers all relevant time periods and includes information on navigation. It is profusely illustrated and easy to understand.

Cortesão, Armando. The Mystery of Vasco da Gama. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 1973.

  • The historian provides evidence that Pêro da Covilhã’s letter to King Dom João had reached Lisbon and that da Gama’s expedition to the Indian Ocean was based on Covilhã’s reconnaissance ten years before.
  • He also makes a good case for the existence of a policy of secrecy at the court—very astute insights into Portuguese politics at the end of the 15th century. The epigraph introducing Iter V / MARE INDICUM quotes from pp. 16–17 and 93–96.

Cortesão, Armando (translated from the Portuguese and edited): The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires. See → Pires, Tomé: The Suma Oriental.

Costa, A. Fontoura da: Às portas da Índia em 1484. Facsimile excerpts of writings, maps, and charts from Anais do Club Militar Naval, Lisbon, 1935; reprint Lisbon, 1990.*

Costa, [A.] Fontoura da: A Ciêcia Náutica dos Portugueses na Época dos Descobrimentos. Edited by the Comissão Executiva das Comemorações do Quinto Centenário da Morte do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1958.*

Crone, G. R.: Joos van Ghistele and His Travels in the Levant. In the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (JRGS), Vol. LXXXIII, No. 5. London, 1934.*

Crawford, O. G. S. (editor). Ethiopian Itineraries: circa 1400–1524. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1958. Original accounts and translations of journeys by Europeans to Ethiopia, “Including those Collected by Alessandro Zorzi at Venice in the Years 1519–24” (subtitle). Interesting, if you’re interested in Europeans who visited Abyssinia in the 15th and early 16th centuries.

Crossland, Cyril: Desert and Water Gardens of the Red Sea. Being an Account of the natives and the Shore Formations of the Coast. Cambridge, 1913.*

D

Dahlmann, Joseph: Indische Fahrten. 2nd, improved edition in 2 volumes. Freiburg i.Br., 1927.*

Dames, M. [Mansel] Longworth: The Portuguese and Turks in the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century. In The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1. Quarter, January 1921. London, 1921.*

Dames, Mansel Longworth (translation, editing, and notes): The Book of Duarte Barbosa. An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitans, Written by Duarte Barbosa and Completed About the Year 1518 A.D. 2 volumes. London, 1921.*

Dapper, (D. [Dr.]) O. [Olfert]: Umbständliche und Eigentliche Beschreibung von Asia: In sich haltend Die Landschafften Mesopotamine, Babylonien, Assyrien, Anatolien oder Klein-Asien: Nebenst Einer vollkommnen Vorstellung Des Glücklichen, Wüsten und Steinigten Arabiens […]. Translated from the Dutch by Johann Christoff Beern. Nuremberg, 1681.*

Dapper, (D. [Dr.]), O. [Olfert]: Asia / Oder: Ausführliche Beschreibung Des Reichs des Grossen Mogols und eines grossen Theils von Indien […] Nebst einer vollkommenen Vorstellung Des Königreichs Persien / Wie auch Georgien / Mengrelien / Cirkassien and othersr benachbarten Länder […].Sowie: Umbständliche und Eigentliche Beschreibung von Asia: In sich haltend Die Landschafften Mesopotamine, Babylonien, Assyrien, Anatolien oder Klein-Asien: Nebenst Einer vollkommnen Vorstellung Des Glücklichen, Wüsten und Steinigten Arabiens […].Translated from the Dutch by Johann Christoff Beern. Johann Christoff Beern. Two volumes in one. Nuremberg, 1681.*

Dapper, (Dr.) O. [Olfert]: Umbständliche und Eigentliche Beschreibung von Africa, Und denen darzu gehörigen Königreichen und Landschaften, als Egypten, Barbarien, Libyen, Biledulgerid, dem Lande der Negros, Guinea, Ethiopien,Abyßinia, und den Africanischen Insulen: zusamt deren Verscheidenen Nahmen, Grentzen, Städten, Flüssen,Gewächsen, Thieren, Sitten, Trachten, Sprachen, Reichthum, Gottesdienst und Regierung. Two volumes in one. Amsterdam, 1670.*

Das, P. K.: The Monsoons. New York, 1968, 1972.*

Delaporte, l’Abbé: Ormuz, Diu et Surate; Côte de Malabar; Ceylan; Goa et ses environs; … (Vol. 3). From Le voyageur François, ou la connoissance de l’ancien et du nouveau monde. Paris,  1766.*

Delaporte, l’Abbé: Isles d’Afrique;, l’Abissinie; le Monomotapa;… (Vol. XIII). From Le voyageur François, ou la connoissance de l’ancien et du nouveau monde. Paris, 1771.*

Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (publisher): Handbuch für das Rote Meer und den Golf von Aden. 4th edition. Hamburg, 1963.*

Dujarday, H. (Mme.): Résumé des voyages, découvertes et conquêtes des Portugais en Afrique et en Asie, aux XVme et XVIme siécles. 1st vol. Paris, 1839.*

E

Edler von Pott, Paul (Capitän): Expedition S.M. Schiff „Pola“ in das Rothe Meer. Beschreibender Theil. Nordliche Hälfte (October 1895 – Mai 1896) und Südliche Hälfte (September 1897 – März 1898). Edited by the Commission für Oceanographische Forschungen. Vienna, 1898.*

Encyclopedia of Money, 2011 (https://encyclopedia-of-money.blogspot.com/). Searchable contributions, including an article on “salt currency.”

Encylopaedia Aethiopica: See Siegbert → Uhlig (editor).

Erhard, Andreas and Eva Ramminger (publishers): Die Meerfahrt. Balthasar Springers Reise zur Pfefferküste. Enthält ein Faksimile Balthasar Springers Reisebericht von 1509: Die Meerfahrt und Entdeckung neuer Seewege zu vielen unbekannten Inseln und Königreichen […].  Translated into modern German by Marion Kneisl. Innsbruck, 1998.*

Ellsberg, (Commander) Edward: Under the Red Sea Sun. New York, 1946.*

Ertzdorff, Xenja von and Dieter Neukirch (publisher) and Rudolf Schulz (editor): Reisen und Reiseliteratur im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit. Vorträge eines interdisziplinären Symposiums vom 3.–8. Juni 1991 an der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen. Amsterdam, 1992.*

F

Fabri (or Faber), Felix (Felix Schmid). Galeere und Karawane; Pilgerreise ins Heilige Land, zum Sinai und nach Ägypten, 1483. Translated and edited by Herbert Wiegandt. Stuttgart: Edition Erdmann, 1996.*

  • Originally published as Fratris Felicis Fabri Evagatorium in Terræ Sanctæ, Arabiæ et Egypti peregrinationem, in 3 volumes, 1843–1849. An  incomplete German translation, … Eigentliche beschreibung der hin und wider Fahrt zu dem heyligen Land …, was published in Reyßbuch deß heyligen Lands in 1584.
  • The narrative of this 15th-century pilgrimage on a galley to Palestine, a camel caravan to the Sinai, and the interaction of Franks and Moors in the 15th century is fascinating.
  • Editions of this work in German and English abound. See Felix → Fabri under Characters.

Falchetta, Piero. Fra Mauro’s World Map: With a Commentary and Translations of the Inscriptions. Presentation by Marino Zorzi. Including a CD-ROM illustrating the map, created in Project “Circe,” team leader Caterina Balletti. Translated from Italian by Jeremy Scott. Book 5 in the series “Terrarum Orbis: History of the Representation of Space in Text and Image,” general series editor Patrick Gautier Dalché. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers for Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana (Venezia) and Università IUAV di Venezia, 2006.

  • An invaluable comprehensive study and detailed illustration of Fra Mauro’s beautiful masterpiece of cartography, composed around 1450. See Fra Mauro’s Map under Glossary.*

Faria y Sousa, Manuel de (Knight of the Order of Christ): The Portugues Asia: or, The History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portugues; Containing All their Discoveries from the Coast of Africk, to the farthest Parts of China and Japan; all the Battels [sic] by Sea and Land, Sieges and other Memorable Actions; a Description of those Countries, and many Particulars of the Religion, Government and Customs of the Natives, &c. Translated from the Spanish edition of (Captain) John Stevens. Vol. 1 of 3. London, 1695.*

 [Faye, Jean Baptist, et al]: A Voyage to Barbary, For the Redemption of Captives; Performed (in 1720) by the Mathurin-Trinitarian Fathers, Fran. Comelin, Philemon de la Motte, and Jos. Bernard. Now first Englished from the French Original. With Lists of more than 400 Slaves ransomed (by the Royal Bounty of their late and present Majesties) from Mequeniz: Also very exact Draughts of that Place, Alcasar, Oran, and its Neighbourhood, with Maps &c. To which is subjoined, The History, Ancient and Modern, of Oran, &c. With a Journal of the Spaniards Procedure in those their recent African Conquests. Anonymous translation from the French edition, London, 1735.*

Feilke, Herbert: Felix Fabris Evagatorium über seine Reise in das Heilige Land. Eine Untersuchung über die Pilgerliteratur des ausgehenden Mittelalters. Translated from the series: Europäische Hochschulschriften. Deutsche Literatur und Germanistik (Series I, Vol. 155). Frankurt am Main, 1976.*

Ficalho, Conde de (D. Francisco Manuel de Melo Breyner, 4th Count of Ficalho). Viagens de Pedro da Covilhan (modern spelling Covilhã). Lisboa: Livraria de António Maria Pereira, 1898.

  • This is the only monograph or biography of Pêro da Covilhã.
  • The Count of Ficalho deals with all aspects of Covilhã’s voyage, including that of the letters and the map given to him before his journey, the letters and the map he sent back to Portugal, as well as the secrecy surrounding the voyage and its results.
  • To my knowledge, this important work has never been translated.

Foster, William (editor): The Voyage of Nicholas Downton to the East Indies 1614–15 / As Recorded in Contemporary Narratives and Letters. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 82). London, 1939.*

Foster, William (editor): The Journal of John Jourdain, 1607–1617, Describing His Experiences in Arabia, India, and the Malay Archipelago. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 16). Cambridge, 1905.*

Foster, William (editor): The Voyage of Thomas Best to the East Indies 1612–14. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 75). London, 1934.*

Foster, William (editor): The Red Sea and Adjacent Countries at the Close of the Seventeenth Century as Described by Joseph Pitts William Daniel and Charles Jacques Poncet. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 100). London, 1949.*

Foster, William (editor, introduction, and notes): The Voyage of Sir Henry Middleton to the Moluccas / 1604–1606. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 88). London, 1943.*

Fra Mauro. Fra Mauro’s World Map. See Piero → Falchetta.

Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. Coins from Mogadishu in The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society; c.1300 to c.1700. London: The Royal Numismatic Society, 7th Ser., Vol. 3, 1963. See → Muḥammad al-‘Adil aẓ-Ẓāfir under Characters.*

Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. The East African Coast. Select Documents from the to the earlier nineteenth century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.*

  • Includes extracts from the works of: al-Mas’udi, Ibn Hawqual (à Haukal, Ebn), al-Idrisi, Chao Ju-Kua, Abū al-Fida, Abū al-Mahasin, Ruy Lourenço Ravasco, Nuno Vaz Pereira, Diogo da Alcaçova, Tomé Pires, João dos Santos, James Lancaster, Gaspar de Santo Bernadino et al.
  • An excellent historical overview of the Swahili Coast and Southeast Africa, in parts perhaps updated by Malyn Newitt’s East Africa (see Diogo de → Alcáçova).

Friis, I. “Coffee and qat on the Royal Danish expedition to Arabia.” In Archives of Natural History, Vol. 42, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 101–112.

Fryer, John: A New Account of East India and Persia. Being Nine Years’ Travels, 1672–1681. Introduction, editing, and notes by William Crooke. 3 volumes. London, 1909.*

G

Geck, Elisabeth (translator): Bernhard von Breydenbach. Die Reise ins Heilige Land. Ein Reisebericht aus dem Jahre 1483. Facsimile of the German edition of the Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam from 1486. Wiesbaden, 1961.*

Ghistele, Joos van: Le Voyage en Egypte de Joos van Ghistele 1482–1483. Based on the edition of Henri van den Keere in Gent 1557. Translated from Flemish, introduction, and notes by Renée Bauwens-Préaux. Published by the Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale. Cairo, 1976.*

Giertz, Gernot (publisher): Vasco da Gama. Die Entdeckung des Seewegs nach Indien. Ein Augenzeugenbericht 1497–1499. Stuttgart, 1986.*

Gille, Paul: Les navires des deux routes des Indes (Venise et Portugal): Evolution des types. Resultats economiques. Extract from Mediterraneo e Oceano Indiano. Records of the VIth Colloqui Internazionale di Storia Marittima in Venice, September 1962. Florence, 1970.*

Glazer, Mordechai: Sinai and the Red Sea. Photographs by Gideon Sella. Edited by Eliezer Taragan. Tel-Aviv, 1977.*

Goldsmith-Carter, George: Sailing Ships and Sailing Craft. Illustrations by Bill Robertshaw. New York, 1970.*

Grandpré, L. de: A Voyage in the Indian Ocean and to Bengal, Undertaken in the Years 1789 and 1790 […] to which is added, A Voyage in the Red Sea; including A Description of Mocha, and of the Trade of the Arabs of Yemen […]. Anonymous translation from the French edition. 2 volumes. London 1803; facsimile New Delhi, 1995.*

[Grandpré] von V. Degrandpré [sic!; Louis-Marie-Joesph O’Hier] [Compte de], Französischem Marine-Offizier): Reise nach Indien und Arabien in den Jahren 1789 und 1790. Translated from the series Archiv der neuesten und interessantesten Reisebeschreibungen. Vol. III. Anonymous translation from the French edition. Berlin, 1803.*

Greenlee, William Brooks (translation, introduction, and notes): The Voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral to Brazil and India. From Contemporary Documents and Narratives. London, 1938.*

Grün, Robert (publisher and translator): Antonio Pigafetta: Die erste Reise um die Erde. Ein Augenzeugenbericht von der Weltumsegelung Magellans 1519–1522. Nach der italienischen Ausg. von 1800 Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo […] dal cavaliere Antonio Pigafetta. Stuttgart, 1983.*

Grün, Robert (publisher): Christoph Columbus: Das Bordbuch. Leben und Fahrten des Entdeckers der Neuen Welt in Dokumenten und Aufzeichnungen 1492. Stuttgart, 1983.*

Grünemberg, Konrad [von]: The Story of Sir Konrad Grünemberg’s Pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1486. Translation based on the Dutch translation of A. C. J. de Vrankrijker (based on the German edition of Walther Fränzel) with annotations by Kristiaan Aercke. Moncalieri, 2005.*

Grünemberg, Konrad [von]: De Pelgrimstocht van Ridder Gruenemberg naar het Heilige Land in 1486. Niederländische Übersetzung von Dr. A.C.J. de Vrankrijker nach der deutschen Ausgabe von Goldfriedrich und Fraenzel [Walther Fränzel]. Amsterdam, 1930.*

H

H. [Herbert] Esquier [Esquire], (Sir) T. [Thomas]: A Relation of Some Yeares Travaille, Begvnne Anno 1626. Into Afrique and the Greater Asia, especially the Territories of the Persian Monarchie: and some parts of the Orientall Indies, and Iles adiacent. Of their Religion, Language, Habit, Discent, Ceremonies, and other matters concerning them.  Together with the proceedings and death of three late Ambassadours: Sir D.C. Sir R.S. and the Persian Nogdi-Beg: As also the two Monarchs, the King of Persia, and the Great Mogol. London, 1634.*

Hakluyt, Richard (editor and publisher): The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, made by sea or overland to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth at any time within the compass of these 1600 years [sic]. Introduction by John Masefield. 1599. 10 volumes (Vol. 1…8: 1927), (Vol. 9, 10: 1929). London, 1927–1929.*

Hall, Richard: Empires of the Monsoon. A History of the Indian Ocean and its Invaders. London, 1996.*

Hamilton, Genesta: In the Wake of Da Gama. The Story of Portuguese Pioneers in East Africa 1497–1729. Introduction by Elspeth Huxley. London, 1951; reprint London, 1955.*

Hansen, Thorkild: Reise nach Arabien. Die Geschichte der Königlichen Dänischen Jemen-Expedition 1761–1767 [with Carsten Niebuhr]. Hamburg, 1965.*

Harff, (Ritter) Arnold von: Die Pilgerfahrt des Ritters Arnold von Harff von Cöln durch Italien, Syrien, Aegypten, Arabien, Aethiopien, Nubien, Palästina, die Türkei, Frankreich und Spanien, wie er sie in den Jahren 1496 bis 1499 vollendet, beschrieben und durch Zeichnungen erläutert hat. Edited and published by Dr. E. von Groote in the original Lower Rhenish / Old Colognian language. Cöln (now Köln): Verlag von J. M. Heberle, 1860.*

  • The epigraph introducing Iter IV / MARE RUBRUM quotes from p. 129 of the Colognian version and p. 149 of the English version (below).

Harff, Arnold von: The Pilgrimage of Arnold von Harff / Knight / from Cologne, through italy, Syria, Egypt, Arabia, Ethiopia, nubia, Palestine, Turkey, France and Spain, which he accomplished in the years 1496 to 1499. Translated from the German edition based on E. von Groote, 1860. Edited, annotated, and with an introduction by Malcom Letts. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 94). London, 1946.*

  • The epigraph introducing Iter IV / MARE RUBRUM quotes from p. 129 of the Colognian version (above) and p. 149 of the English version.

Hart, Henry H.: Sea Road to the Indies. An Account of the Voyages and Exploits of the Portuguese Navigators, Together with the Life and Times of Dom Vasco da Gama, Capitão-Mór, Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira. New York, 1950.*

Hassen, Mohammed. The Oromo Of Ethiopia, 1500-1850: With Special Emphasis on the Gibe Region. Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. of the University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. London, 1983. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ProQuest LLC (PDF), 2017.

Hassenstein, Bruno: Ost-Afrika zwischen Chartum und dem Rothen Meere bis Suakin und Massaua. Eine vornehmlich zum Verfolg der v. Heuglin’schen Expedition bestimmte Karte. In Suplementary Booklet No. 6, Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ Geographischer Anstalt. Edited by A. Petermann. Gotha, 1861.*

Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1985. A superb source of information on the propagation of coffee. The epigraph introducing Iter IX / ARABIA FELIX quotes from pp. 3, 11–15, and 18. See → coffee under Glossary at www.prestejoao.com. See William H. → Ukers and Carsten → Niebuhr; and also see Sayyid → Abū Bakr al-‘Adanī ibn ‘Abdullāh al-‘Aydarūs and Imam Jamāl ad-Dīn Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Sa’īd adh- → Dhabḥanī under Characters.

Hawkins, Clifford W.: The Dhow. An Illustrated History of the Dhow and its World. Preface by Alan Villiers. Lymington, 1977.*

Heers, Jacques: The Barbary Corsairs. Warfare in the Mediterranean, 1480–1580. Translated from the French by Jonathan North. London, 2003.*

Hennigsen, Nicolaus (publisher): Auf dem alten Seewege nach Indien. Beschreibung der Entdeckungs- und Eroberungsfahrten der Portugiesen in den Jahren 1415 bis 1503, insbesondere die Fahrten des Generals Vasco da Gama, erzählt nach der Ásia des João de Barros. Cologne, 1918.*

Henze, Dietmar: Enzyklopädie der Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde. 5 volumes. Graz, 1978.*

Henze, Paul B. Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. London: Hurst & Company, 2000. An outstanding overview all the way from Ethiopia’s expansion to its conflicts with Muslim neighbors, European colonial powers, and Eritrean secessionists.

Hijji, Ya’qub Yusuf al-: The Art of Dhow-building in Kuwait. Published by the London Centre of Arab Studies and the Centre for Research and Studies in Kuwait. London, 2001.*

Hoffmann, Johann Christian: Ostindische Voyage / 1671–1676 = Oost-Indianische Voyage; Oder Eigentliches Verzeichnüs / worin nicht nur einige merckwürdige Vorfälle / die sich Theils auff einer Indischen See-Reise / Theils in India selbst begeben und zugetragen […]. Kassel, 1680; facsimile edition,  edited by Günter E.Th. Bezzenberger. Kassel, 1983.*

Holtz, Arnold: Am Tor der Tränen (Bab el Mandeb). Afrikanische Erlebnisse eines deutschen Kuriers. Berlin, 1929.*

Hoorn, [Willem Ysbrantsz] Bontekoe van: Die gefahrenvolle Reise des Kapitäns Bontekoe 1618–1625 and others Logbücher und Schiffsjournale holländischer Seefahrer des 17. Jahrunderts. Published, translated, and commented by M. R. C. Fuhrmann Plemp van Duiveland. Gütersloh, 1972.*

[Hoorn], [Willem Ysbarntsz] Bontekoe [van]: Memorable Description of the East Indian Voyage 1618–25. Translated from the Dutch edition by C. B. Bodde-Hodgkinson and Pieter Geyl. Introduction and notes by Pieter Geyl. London, 1929.*

Hourani, George Fadlo. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Beirut: Khayats, 1963.*

  • Originally published in Princeton Oriental Studies, Vol. 13, by Princeton University Press, 1951.
  • An excellent, well-researched work on the Indio-Arab dhow before the advent of Europeans in the Indian Ocean.

Howarth, David: Dhows. Photographs by Robin Constable. London, 1977.*

Humble, Richard: Die Entdecker. From the series Die Seefahrer. Redacted by the editors of Time-Life Books. Translated From the English edition by Brigitte Sauerwein-Reznicek. Amsterdam, 1979.*

Hümmerich, Franz: Vasco da Gama und die Entdeckung des Seewegs nach Ostindien. Auf Grund neuer Quellenuntersuchungen dargestellt von Dr. Franz Hümmerich. Munich, 1898; reprint Hildesheim, 1977.*

Hümmerich, Franz: Die erste deutsche Handelsfahrt nach Indien 1505/06. Ein Unternehmen der Welser, Fugger und anderer Augsburger sowie Nürnberger Häuser. Munich, 1922.*

Huntingford, G. W. B. [George Wynn Brereton]:The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century A.D. to 1704. Edited by Richard Pankhurst, Ethiopic spellings revised by David Appleyard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Huntingford, G. W. B. [George Wynn Brereton] (translator and editor): The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea by an unknown author. With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs On the Erythraean Sea. London, 1980.*

I

Ingrams, Harold: Arabia and the Isles. With a preface by Sir Bernard Reilly, Governor of Aden. London, 1942.*

Irwin, Eyles: A Series of Adventures in the Course of a Voyage Up the Red-Sea, on the Coasts of Arabia and Egypt; and of a Route Through the Desarts [sic] of Thebais, Hitherto Unknown to the European Traveller, in the Year M.DCC.LXXVII. London, 1780.*

Issawi, Charles: Arab geography and the circumnavigation of Africa. Vol. 10 in the series Osiris. Commentationes de scientiarum et eruditionis historia rationeque. Bruges, 1952.*

J

Jane, Cecil (translation of Bartolomé de las Casas): The Journal of Christopher Columbus. Editing and introduction by L.A. Vigneras. Appendix by R. A. Skelton. New York, 1960.*

Jane, Cecil (translation, editing, introduction, and notes): Select Documents Illustrating the Four Voyages of Columbus. 2 volumes. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 65, 70). London, 1930 and 1933; reprint Millwood, New York, 1967.*

Jeffery, Arthur. Christians at Mecca. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1929.*

  • Jeffery is an Australian professor of Semitic languages, author of historical studies of Middle Eastern manuscripts and the Quran, and (of interest for the novel) a noncritical summary of Augustus → Ralli’s Christians at Mecca. See → ḥajj under Glossary.

Jewell, John H.: Dhows at Mombasa. Nairobi, 1969; reprint Nairobi, 1976.*

Jones, John Winter. See → Varthema, Ludovico di. The Travels of …. Translated and with a preface by John Winter Jones from the original Italian edition of 1510. He was the Principal Librarian of the British Museum 1866 – 1873 and a translator of works in many languages. He also worked with Richard Hakluyt in the compilation of Divers voyages touching the discovery of America and the islands, published by the Hakluyt Society in 1850.

K

Kammerer, Albert: La Mer Rouge, l’Abyssinie et l’Arabie depuis l’Antiquité. In 2 volumes: 1st vol. (1929, again in 2 volumes): Tome première: (1st vol.: première et deuxième partie; 2nd vol.: troisième partie): Les Pays de la Mer Erythrée jusqu’à la fin du Moyen Age. (= Mémoires de la Société Royale de Géographie d’Égypte. Tome XV). 2nd vol. (1935, again in 2 volumes): Tome deuxième: Les Guerres du poivre. Les Portugais dans l’Océan Indien et la Mer Rouge au XVe siècle. Historie de la cartographie orientale. (= Mémoires de la Société Royale de Géographie d’Égypte. Tome XVI). As well as: La Mer Rouge, l’Abyssinie et l’Arabie au XVIe et XVIIe siecles et la Cartographie des Portulans  du Monde Oriental. (= Mémoires de la Société Royale de Géographie d’Égypte. Tome XVII). In 3 volumes: 1st vol. (1947): Première Partie, XVIe siècle. Abyssins et Portugais devant l’Islam. 2nd vol. (1949): Deuxième Partie, XVIIe siècle. Les Jésuites portugais et l’éphémère triomphe du catholicisme en Abyssinie (1603-1632). 3rd vol. (1952): Troisième Partie. La Cartographie du monde oriental, Mer Rouge, Océan Indien et Extrême-Orient jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle. Cartographes portugais et français. Edited by the Société Royale de Géographie d’Égypte. 3 volumes (in 7 volumes). Cairo, 1929.*

Kaplan, Robert. The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1st ed. 2000.

Karlsson, Elis: Cruising Off Mozambique. London, 1969.*

Keeler, Mary Frear (editor): Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian Voyage / 1585–86. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 148). London, 1981.*

Keller, (Prof. Dr.) C.: Die Ostafrikanischen Inseln. Bibliothek der Länderkunde (2nd vol.). Edited by Dr. Alfred Kirchhoff and Rudolf Fitzner. Berlin, 1898.*

Kennedy, Dane. The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007.

Kennedy, Edward. S.: Astronomy and Astrology in the Medieval Islamic World. Aldershot, 1998.*

Klotsch, Andreas (translator, publisher, notes): Portugiesische Schiffsbrüchigenberichte 1552–1602. Aufgezeichnet von Augenzeugen [based on the collected works of Bernardo Gomes de Brito 1729–1736]. Leipzig, 1985.*

Knabe, Wolfgang: Auf den Spuren der ersten deutschen Kaufleute in Indien. Forschungsexpedition mit der Mercator entlang der Westküste zu den Aminen. Anhausen, 1993.*

Knust, Theodor A. (publisher and comments): Marco Polo: Von Venedig nach China. Die größte Reise des 13. Jahrhunderts. Nach der Guttenberg-Ausg. von 1477. Stuttgart, 1983.*

Kohl, Melvin J. Ethiopia – Treasure House of Africa: A Review of Ethiopian Currency and Related History. Santa Monica, California: The Society for International Numismatics, 1969. The 50-page tract, based on data from Dr. Richard Pankhurst’s The History of Currency … in Ethiopia …, 1965, is of historical interest, not only for numismatists.

Kollert, Günter: Der Gesang des Meeres. Die portugiesischen Entdeckungsfahrten als Mythos der Neuzeit. Ostfildern vor Stuttgart, 1997.*

Krebs, Verena. Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 1st edition, 2021. See Pope → Sixtus IV, → ‘Amdä Mika‘el, → Baptista da Imola, → Johanne Baptista Brochus da Imola, Fra → Johanne da Calabria, → Kha‘ir Beg al-Mi‘mār, and Abba → ‘Ǝntoñǝs under Characters.*

Kroboth, Rudolf (editor and introduction): Fernão Mendes Pinto. Merkwürdige Reisen im fernsten Asien 1537–1558. Stuttgart, 1986.*

Kunin, Konstantin Iljitsch (editor): Hinter drei Meeren. Eine historische Reisebeschreibung [historical travelogue of Afanassij Nikitin 1466–1472]. Translated from Russian by Wolf and Gudrun Düwel. Berlin, 1951.*

Kurup, K.K.N.: India’s Naval Traditions (The Role of Kunhali Marakkars). New Delhi, 1997.*

L

Lane, Frederic Chapin: Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. Edited by the John Hopkins Press. Baltimore, 1934.*

Lane-Poole, Stanley: The Barbary Corsairs. London, 1890.*

Lange, Werner P.: Der Sonne gleich. Das Leben des Fernando de Magallanes und die erste Weltumsegelung. Leipzig, 1983.*

Lapidus, Ira Marvin. Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967.*

Leo Africanus (born as Ḥasan Ibn Muḥammad el-Wassan es-Sajjati, “a Moor, baptized as Giovanni Leone”). The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained. Written in 1526 by the Moorish slave of Pope Leo X, known as Leo Africanus, translated from the Arabic by John Pory in 1600, edited by Dr. Robert Brown, in 3 volumes. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1896.

  • The epigraph introducing Iter III / ÆGYPTUS quotes from Vol. III, 8th Book, pp. 859–863.

Le Roy, (Mgr): D’Aden à Zanzibar. Un coin de l’Arabie Heureuse le long des côtes. Tours, 1894.*

Lefebvre, [Charlemagne] Théophile (Lieutenant de vaisseau): Voyage en Abyssinie exécuté pendant les années 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843. 1st part: Relation Historique (1st vol. in 2, 2nd vol. in 2); 2nd part: Notice sur le Commerce de la Mer Rouge et de l’Abyssinie (1st and 2nd vol. included in lat vol. of 1st part), Itinéraire: Description Géographique de l’Abyssinie, Dictionnaire Géographique, Observations de Physique et d’Astronomie, Ethnologie (3rd vol. in 1); atlas vol. Published by Vice-Amiral Baron de Mackau, Ministre de la Marine. Paris, 1845.*

Lempriere, William (Surgeon): A Tour from Gibraltar to Tangier, Sallee, Mogodore, Santa Cruz, Tarudant; and thence, Over Mount Atlas, to Morocco: Including a Particular Account of the Royal Harem, &c. London, 1791; 2nd, expanded, and corrected edition, London, 1793.*

Letts, Malcom (translation, introduction, and notes): Mandeville’s Travels. 2 volumes. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 101, 102). London, 1953.*

Letts, Malcom (translation, introduction, and editing): Pero Tafur. Travels and Adventures 1435–1439. Translated from the series: The Broadway Travellers. Edited by (Sir) E. Denison Ross and Eileen Power. London, 1926.*

Lewis, Norman: Sand and Sea in Arabia. London, 1938.*

Ley, Charles David (publisher): Portuguese Voyages 1498–1663. Preface by Edgar Prestage. London, 1947.*

Lieblein, J. [Jens]: Handel und Schiffahrt auf dem rothen Meer in alten Zeiten. Nach ägyptischen Quellen. Edited by the Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Christiania. Christiania, 1886; reprint, Amsterdam, 1971.*

Lima, José de (“dos Arqueólogos Portugueses”): Pêro de Covilhã e a sua Descendéncia. Porto: published by Tipografia Porto Médico, L.DA  (distributed by Depositária Livraria Fernando Machado & C.A, L.DA), 1954.

  • No. 131 of a limited edition. It features a preface by the noted Portuguese genealogist Eugénio de Andrea da Cunha e Freitas.
  • In the definitive work for the Hakluyt Society, The Prester John of the Indies (1961), C. F. → Beckingham and G. W. B. → Huntingford analyzed the primary sources of Pêro de Covilhã’s life. Their skepticism toward José de Lima typically centers on:
    • Reliability of Descent: Beckingham and Huntingford were highly critical of attempts to trace direct European “descendência” from Covilhã. While it is historically recorded that Covilhã had a wife and children in Ethiopia whom he met again during the Rodrigo de Lima embassy in 1520, later genealogical claims linking him to specific noble Portuguese branches are often viewed by academic historians as speculative or lacking robust primary evidence.
    • Genealogical Romanticism: José de Lima’s work belongs to a tradition of Portuguese genealogy that sometimes sought to “rehabilitate” or elevate family lineages by connecting them to heroic Age of Discovery figures without sufficient documentary proof.
    • Summary of Value: While modern historians like Beckingham might view its genealogical conclusions with caution, the book remains a valuable antiquarian object. It is respected for its inclusion of the Cunha e Freitas preface and its detailed compilation of branch families (Mendanhas, Sequeiras), even if the “root” connection to the explorer is debated.

·Lindahl, Bernhard (compiler). Local History of Ethiopia. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute, no date (https://­nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html).

Logan, William: Malabar. 2 volumes. Madras, 1887; facsimile (as the Malabar Manual) New Delhi, 1989; 4th reprint, New Delhi, 2004.*

Loiseau, Julien. “The Ḥaṭī and the Sultan” in Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics, Leiden: Brill, 2019, pp. 638–657.

Ludolphus, Job (Hiob Ludolf). A New History of Ethiopia; Being a Full and Accurate Description of the Kingdom of Abessinia, Vulgarly though Erroneously called the Empire of Prester John. by the “Learned Job Ludolphus, made English by J. P. Gent.” London: Samuel Smith, 1682. Ludolf wrote his monumental historiography, long a standard, based on the intimate knowledge of Abba Gorgoryos, an Ethiopian monk from Amhara, who he met in Rome. The epigraph introducing Adventus / IMPERIUM PRETE IANI quotes from  Book IV, Ch. VII, p. 397.

M

Maamiry, Ahmed Hamound, al-: Oman and East Africa. Neu-Delhi, 1979; second, revised edition, New Delhi, 1980.*

Mahamid, Hatim and Chaim Nissim. Sufis and Coffee Consumption: In Journal of Sufi Studies, 7 (2018), pp. 140–164, at https://brill.com/view/journals/jss/7/1-2/article-p140_7.xml?language=en.

Ma Huan: Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan. ‘The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores’ [1433]. From the Chinese edition of Feng Ch’eng-Chün. Introduction, notes, and appendix by J. V. G. Mills. Published for the Hakluyt Society (Extra Series No. 42). Cambridge, 1970.*

Major, R. H. (translation, editing, and introduction): India in the Fifteenth Century. Being a Collection of Narratives of Voyages to India, in the Century Preceding the Portuguese Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope; from Latin, Persian, Russian, and Italian Sources. London, 1858; reprint, New Delhi, 1992.*

Makin, William J.: Red Sea Nights. London, 1932.*

Mandelslo, Johan/Johann Albertus/Albrecht von: Morgenländische Reyse-Beschreibung. Worinnen zugleich ie Gelegenheit und heutiger Zustand etlicher fürnehmen Indianischen [Indische] Länder/ Provincien/ Städte und Insulen/ sampt derer Einwohner Leben/ Sitten/ Glauben und Handthierung: wie auch die Beschaffenheit der Seefahrt über das Oceanische Meer. Published posthumously and with annotations by Adam Olearius [Ölschläger]. Schleswig, 1658.*

Mandeville, (Sir) John (purported author). The Travels of Sir John Mandeville: With three narratives, in illustration of it, from Hakluyt’s “Navigations, Voyages & Discoveries.” Edited anonymously in 1725. London: Macmillan and Co. Limited, 1900.

  • From the Introduction: A “fantastical, but consistently unreliable travel memoir which first circulated between 1357 and 1371, but continued to be used until early modern times as a work of reference, for instance by Christopher Columbus.”
  • A more authoritative edition, may be Mandeville’s Travels by Malcolm Letts, 1953.
  • The epigraph introducing Iter II / MEDITERRANEUM quotes from Vol. I, Ch. VIII, “Of the Isle of Sicily … and of all the marvels there,” pp. 36–39.

Margariti, Roxani Eleni: Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade. 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port. From the series Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks. edited by Carl W. Ernst and Bruce B. Lawrence. Published by the University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, 2007.*

Markham, (Sir) Clements R. (editor): The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster, Kt., to the East Indies. Published by the Hakluyt Society (1st Series, No. 56). London, 1877; reprint, New York, 1970.*

Marno, Ernst: Bericht über eine Excursion von Zanzibar (Saadani) nach Koa-Kiora (Jänner-März 1878). In Mittheilungen der kais. und königl. geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Vol. XXI. Vienna, 1878.*

Martin, Esmond Bradley: The History of Malindi. A Geographical Analysis of an East African Coastal Town from the Portuguese Period to the Present. Nairobi, 1973.*

Martin, Esmond Bradley and Chryssee Perry Martin: Cargoes of the East. The Ports, Trade and Culture of the Arabian Seas and Western Indian Ocean. London, 1978.*

Mathew, K. M.: History of the Portuguese Navigation in India (1497–1600). Introduction by B. Sheik ‛Alī. Delhi, 1988.*

Mathew, K. M.: Indo-Portuguese Trade and the Fuggers of Germany. New Delhi, 1997; reprint, New Delhi, 1999.**

Mathew, K. M. (editor and introduction): Ship-building [sic] and Navigation in the Indian Ocean Region AD 1400–1800. Preface by Satish Chandra. New Delhi, 1997.*

Mauro, Fra. Fra Mauro’s World Map. See Piero → Falchetta.

May, R. de (editor): Narrative of the Sufferings and Adventures of Henderick Portenger, a Private Soldier of the Late Swiss Regiment de Mueron, who was Wrecked on the Shores of Abyssinia, in the Red Sea. London, 1819.*

McKenna, James B.: A Spaniard in the Portuguese Indies. The Narrative of Martín Fernández de Figueroa. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967.*

Mehareb, Eid, et al. “History and Current Status of Sugarcane Breeding in Egypt.” In Sugar Tech 24 (1), June 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352814105_History_and_Current_Status_of_Sugarcane_­Breeding_in_Egypt.

Meissner, Marek: Die Welt der sieben Meere. Auf den Spuren arabischer Kaufleute und Piraten. Translated from the Polish edition by Stefan Schreiner. Leipzig, 1980.*

Miller, Roland E.: Mappila Muslims of Kerala. A Study in Islamic Trends. Madras, 1976.*

Milwright, Marcus. “The Balsam of Maṭariyya,” in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 66, 2, (2003), pp. 193–209.

Miran, Jonathan. Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. See → Ḥummād under Characters at www.prestejoao.com.

Mitchell, R. J.: The Spring Voyage. The Jerusalem Pilgrimage in 1458. London, 1965.*

Mondadori, Arnaldo: Segelschiffe. Translated from the Italian edition by Diethard Klein. Text revision by Heinz J. Nowarra. Rastatt, 1991.*

MoneyMuseum. No title. 2011 (https://www.moneymuseum.com/). A good online guide with an extensive, searchable, illustrated collection of coins and premonetary currencies, such as the amole salt bars.

Mondfeld, Wolfram: Die arabische Dau. Rostock, 1979.*

Mondfeld, Wolfram: Die Galeere vom Mittelalter bis zur Neuzeit. Berlin, 1972.*

Monfreid, Hendri de: Pearls, Arms and Hashish. Compiled, edited and with a preface and afterword by Ida Treat. Press release, New York, 1930.*

Monfreid, Henri de: Pearl Fishing in the Red Sea. In: The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 72, No. 5 (pp. 597–626). Washington D.C., 1937.*

Moshejko, Igor: Am Mast der Totenkopf. Piraterie im Indischen Ozean. Translated from the Russian edition by Klaus-Dieter Goll. Berlin, 1981.*

Müller, Karl: Vasco de Gama oder die Auffindung des Seeweges nach Indien. Breslau, 1882.*

Musa, Ahmed M. and Raphael Schwere. “The Hidden Tactile Negotiation, Sign Language in Somaliland’s Livestock Markets,” in Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies, Vol. 18, 2018. Access at https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/bildhaan/vol18/iss1/7/.

N

Naval Intelligence Division. Western Arabia and the Red Sea. Published as “B.R. 527 (Restricted) in the Geographical Handbook Series for official use only … prepared by the Oxford sub-centre the under the direction of  Lt. Col. K. Mason.” Oxford: Naval Intelligence Division, 1946.*

Neuwirth, Arnulf: Chroniken der portugiesischen Seefahrer. Vienna, 1947.*

Newett, M. Margaret: Canon Pietro Casola’s Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494. Manchester, 1907.*

Newitt, Malyn (editor): East Africa. In the series Portuguese Encounters with the World in the Age of the Discoveries. Edited by John Villiers. Published by the Department of Portuguese and Brazilan Studies, King’s College. London, 2002.*

Newton, Arthur Percival (editor): Travel and Travellers of the Middle Ages. London, 1926.*

Niebuhr, Carsten: Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern. 1st volume. Copenhagen, 1774.*

Niebuhr, Carsten: Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern. 3 volumes. Vol. 1 und 2: Ergebnisse der königlich-dänischen Expedition nach Arabien 1761–1767. Einleitung Carsen Niebuhr und sein Beitrag zur Erforschung des Orients und Anmerkungen von Dietmar Henze. Kopenhagen 1774–1778. Vol. 3: C. Niebuhr’s Reisen durch Syrien und Palästina, nach Cypern, und durch Kleinasien und die Türkey nach Deutschland und Dännemark [sic]. Hamburg, 1837; facsimile, Graz, 1968.*

Niehbur, Carsten: Carsten Niehbur. Entdeckungen im Orient. Reise nach Arabien und andere Ländern 1761–1767. Published and revised by Robert and Evamaria Grün. Gütersloh, 1973.*

Niebuhr, Carsten. Travels through Arabia, and other Countries in the East. Translated by Robert Heron. In 2 volumes. Edinburgh: R. Morrison and Son, et al., 1792.

  • Original German edition, Carsten Niebuhrs Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern, Kopenhagen, 1774, 1778 (first 2 of 3 vol.), Hamburg 1837 (3rd vol.).
  • The Danish Arabia expedition traveled to Egypt, Arabia, and Syria, collecting a wealth of scientific information.
  • Of the six members, only Niebuhr survived. The adventurous journey was portrayed by Thorkild Hansen in his novel, Arabia Felix, a good read.

Nikitin, Athanasius [Afanassij]: Die Fahrt des Afanassij Nikitin über drei Meere 1466–1472 von ihm selbst niedergeschrieben. Translated from the Russian edition by Ilse Mirus. Munich, 1966.*

Nuniz, Fernão. “Chronicle of Fernão Nuniz,” probably written around 1536. In A Forgotten Empire (Vijayana­gara): A Contribution to the History of India. Translated and edited by Robert Sewell. London: Swan Sonnen­schein & Co., 1900. A very engrossing history of Hindu Vijayanagara featuring invaluable eye-witness accounts. The epigraph introducing Iter VI / INDIA MAIOR quotes from pp. 305–307.

O

Oaten, E. F. [Edward Farley]: European Travelers in India During the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, the Evidence Afforded by them with Respect to Indian Social Institutions, & the Nature & Influence of Indian Governments. London, 1909; reprint, New Delhi, 1991.*

Osgood, Joseph B.F. [Barlow Felt]: Notes of Travel or Recollections of Majunga, Zanzibar, Muscat, Aden, Mocha, and Other Eastern Ports. Salem, 1854; facsimile, New York, 1972.*

Ostlund, DeLys. Fit To Be King? Imprudence in Lope’s El duque de Viseo. In Colorado Review Of Hispanic Studies, 8 (1), pp. 225–240. Portland State University, 2010 (download PDF at https://pdxscholar.library.­pdx.edu/wll_fac/92/). See Dom → Diogo de Viseu under Characters at www.prestejoao.com.

O’Sullivan, Daniel E. (editor). Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: A Fundamental Thought Paradigm of the Premodern World. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2012.

Owen, W. F. W.: Narrative of Voyages to Explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia and Madagascar; Performed in H. M. Ships Leven and Barracudas, under the Direction of Captain W. F. W. Owen, R. N. by Command of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. 2 volumes. London, 1833.*

P

Páez, Pedro: History of Ethiopia, 1622. Edited by Isabel Boavida, Hervé Pennec, and Manuel João Ramos, translated by Christopher J. Tribe. Published by the Hakluyt Society in 2 volumes, London, 2011.

  • I am indebted to the Hakluyt Society for this historically valuable contribution used for my research.

Panikkar. K. [Kavalam] M. [Madhara]: Malabar and the Portuguese. New Delhi, 1929; reprint, New Delhi, 1997.*

Pankhurst, Richard: “A Preliminary History of Ethiopian Measures, Weights and Values,” Part 3, in Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1970.

Parry, J. H.: The Age of Reconnaissance. London, 1963.*

Pearce, F. B.: Zanzibar. The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. London, 1920; reprint, London, 1967.*

Peiner, Werner: Das Gesicht Ostafrikas. Eine Reise in 300 Bildern. Frankfurt a.M., 1937.*

Pereira, Duarte Pacheco: Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis. Translated and edited by George H. T. Kimble. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 79). London, 1937.*

Peres, Damião: História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Porto, 1943.*

Pesce, Angelo: Jiddah. Portrait of an Arabian City. London, 1974; revised edition, London, 1977.*

Pickthal, Muhammad Marmaduke. Translation of The Holy → Quran (see under Quran).*

Pina, Ruy de. Crónica de el-Rei D. João II. Coimbra: Atlântida – Livraria Editora, Lda., new edition in facsimile, 1950. Manuscript by 1504, first published as Croniqua DelRey Dom Joham II in 1792. See Ruy de → Pina under Characters at www.prestejoao.com.

Pinkerton, John: A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World; Many of which Are Now First Translated into English. Vol. 15: Africa. Contains: (Father) Jerome Lobo: A Voyage to Abyssinia; C.J. Poncet: A Journey to Abyssinia; (Mr.) Browne: A Journey to Dar-Fûr; Richard Pococke: Travels in Egypt; Lancelot Addison: An Account of West Barbary; John Windhus: Journey to Mequinez, the Residence of the Present Emperor of Fez and Morocco; Thomas Shaw: Travels or Observations Relating to Barbary; William Lempriere (Surgeon): A Tour from Gibraltar to Tangier, Sallee, Mogodore […]; Abd Allatif (an Arabian Physician of Bagdad): Extract from the Relation Respecting Egypt. London, 1814.*

Pinto, Fernão Mendes: The Travels of Mendes Pinto. Edited and translated by Rebecca D. Catz. Published by the University of Chicago. Lisbon, 1614; reprint, Chicago, 1989. *

Pires, Tomé: The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires. An Account of the East, From the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515. And: The Book of Francisco Rodrigues. Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515. Translated from the Portuguese edition and edited by Armando Cortesão. 2 volumes. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 89, 90). London, 1944; reprint, New Delhi, 1990.*

Pögl, Johannes (publisher): Die reiche Fracht des Pedro Álvares Cabral. Seine Indische Fahrt und die Entdeckung Brasiliens 1500–1501. Stuttgart, 1986.*

Pohl, Friedrich-Wilhelm: Die Geschichte der Navigation. Hamburg, 1999.*

Polo, Marco. The Travels of Marco Polo. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1903. Translated and edited by (Colonel Sir) Henry Yule and supplemented by Henri Cordier, in 2 volumes. Originally written in collaboration with Rustichello da Pisa, circa 1300. This Yule-Cordier edition is authoritative and comprehensive. The epigraph introducing Iter VII / SINUS BARBARICUS quotes Book 3, chapters 18 and 32, notes 4 and 2 respectively, concerning the island of Socotra.

Pradines, Stéphane: The Mamluk Fortifications of Egypt. Mamluk Studies Review, MSR XIX (2016), Vol. XIX. https://www.academia.edu/30574592/The_Mamluk_Fortifications_of_Egypt.

Prescott, H. F. M. [Hilda Frances Margaret]: Once to Sinai. The Further Pilgrimage of Friar Felix Fabri. London, 1957.*

Prescott, H. F. M. [Hilda Frances Margaret]: Friar Felix at Large. A Fifteenth-century Pilgrimage to the Holy Land. New Haven, 1950.*

Prestage, Edgar: The Portuguese Pioneers. The Pioneer Histories. Edited by V. T. Harlow and J. A. Williamson. London, 1933.*

Prevost [Prévost d’Exiles, Antoine-François], L’Abbe [Abbé] (publisher): Histoire générale des voyages, ou nouvelle collection de toutes les relations de voyages par mer et par terre […]. Vol. I, II u. III. Paris, 1746.*

Purchas (B. D.), (Rev.) Samuel: Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes In Twenty Vol.s Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells. Reissued in 20 volumes, Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1905–1907.*

  • This is a reprint in limited edition (of 1000 copies).  
  • Originally published as Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in All Ages and Places Discovered, from the Creation unto this Present, in foure Partes, London, for Henry Featherstone, 1613.
  • The epigraph introducing Inventus / CURIA IMPERATORIS ALEXANDRI quotes from Vol. II, Ch. III, pp. 17–18.

Q

Quran, The Holy. English translation by Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthal. Karachi: Taj Company Ltd., 1983 (first published as Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an in 1930). An early and still appealing translation, widely accepted in the English-speaking Muslim world. The epigraph introducing Prologus / BARBARIA quotes from Surah 40, The Believer, ayat 79, 80, and 81.

R

Ramos-Coelho, José (editor): Alguns documentos do Archivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo ácerca das navegaçõ es e conquistas Portuguezas. Published by the Governo de sua Majestade Fidelissima. Lisbon, 1892.*

Ralli, Augustus. Christians at Mecca. London: William Heinemann, 1909.

Ravenstein , E. G. [Ernest George]: A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497-1499. London: The Hakluyt Society (1st Series, No. 99), 1898.

  • The journal is based on a “roteiro” of an anonymous member of the expedition.
  • An outstanding account putting da Gama’s achievements into perspective.
  • The epigraph introducing Interludium / BABYLONIA quotes from p. 167 and note 1 on the same p.. See → roteiro under Glossary.

Ravenstein, E. G. [Ernest George]: The Voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias, 1422–88. In Journal of the Royal Geographical Society (JRGS). Vol. XVI, pages 625–655. London, 1900.*

Renault, Gilbert: The Caravels of Christ. Translated from the French edition by Richmond Hill. London, 1959.*

Resende, Garcia de. Crónica de Dom João II e miscelânea por Garcia de Resende. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, Casa da Moeda, 1973 (facsimile of 1798 edition, first published 1752, manuscript 1545). Introduction by Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão.

Riccardi, Lorenzo: The Voyage of the Mir-el-Lah. Photographs by Mirella Riccardi. London, 1980.*

Risso, Patricia: Merchants and Faith. Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Boulder, Colorado, 1995.*

Rivoyre, Denis de: Mer Rouge et Abyssinie. Paris, 1880.*

Robertson, William: An Historical Disquisition Concerning The Knowledge which  the Ancients had of India; and the Progress of Trade with that Country prior to the Discovery of the Passage to it by the Cape of Good Hope. Basel, 1792.*

Robinson, Arthur E. “The Maḥmal of the Moslem Pilgrimage” in London: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1931, pp. 117–127.

Rogers, Francis M. (translation and comments). The Obedience of a King of Portugal. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958. Based on the Vasco → Fernandes de Lucena oration on behalf of King → João II of Portugal before the newly elected Pope → Innocent VIII on 9 December 1485.

Roque, Jean de La: A Voyage to Arabia Felix. Contains: A Voyage to Arabia Fœlix [sic] Through the Eastern ocean and the Streights [sic] of the Red-Sea […]; A Particular Account of a Journey from Mocha to Muab […]; Concerning the Tree and Fruit of Coffee […]. Included: An Account of the Captivity of Sir Henry Middleton […]. Anonymous translation from the French edition. Corhill, 1732; facsimile (including an introduction and bibliography by Carl Phillips), Cambridge, 2004.*

Ross (Sir) E. Denison. “Prester John and the Empire of Ethiopia,” in Travel and Travellers of the Middle Ages, edited by Arthur Percival Newton. London: Kegan Paul, 1926, pp. 174–194. An excellent translation of a forged 12th-century letter to the Byzantine emperor Emmanuel Komnenos, purportedly written by the fabled Prester John. The epigraph introducing the novel under Prester John’s Letter quotes from pp. 174–178.

Rushby, Kevin: Hunting Pirate Heaven. In Search of the Lost Pirate Utopias of the Indian Ocean. London, 2001.*

Russel, (Le C[om]te) Stanislas: Une Mission en Abyssinie et dans la Mer Rouge. 23 octobre 1859 – 7 mai 1860. With a preface by M. Gabriel Charmes. Paris, 1884.*

S

Salt, Henry: A Voyage to Abyssinia and Travels into the Interior of That Country, Executed Under the Orders of the British Government, in the Years 1809 and 1810; in Which Are Included, an Account of the Portuguese Settlements on the East Coast of Africa […]. London, 1814.*

Sanceau, Elaine. The Perfect Prince: A Biography of the King Dom João II. Porto: Livraria Civilização Editora, 1959. An excellent biography of Dom João, who was succeeded as king of Portugal by his cousin, Manuel of Viseu, Duque de Béja, since Dom João’s son, the Infante Afonso, Prince of Portugal, had died in a mysterious riding accident. The epigraph introducing Prolusio / CETOBRIGA quotes from the Epilogue, pp. 410–413.

Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo (preface, compilation, and notes). Itinerários de el-rei D. João II. Vol. I (1481-1488). Lisboa: Academia Portuguesa da História, 1975.

Severin, Tim: The Sindbad Voyage. London, 1982.*

Sulivan, G. L.: Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa. Narrative of Five Years’ Experiences in the Suppresssion of the Slave Trade. London, 1873; reprint, London, 1968.*

T

Tamrat, Taddesse. “Traditions of Pagan Resistance to the Ethiopian Church (14th and 15th Centuries)” in Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1972.

Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and State in Ethiopia 1270–1527. London: Oxford University Press, 1972. See → Täklä Krәstos, → Zä-Sәlus, → ‘Amdä Mika‘el, Ǝtege → Ǝleni, and Aṣe → ‘Ǝskəndər under Characters at www.prestejoao.com.

Taylor, E. G. R. (editor): A Regiment for the Sea and other writings on navigation by William Bourne of  Gravesen, a gunner (c. 1535–1582). Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 121). Cambridge, 1963.*

Taylor, E. G. R. (editor): The Troublesome Voyage of Captain Edward Fenton / 1582–1583. Published by the Hakluyt Society (2nd Series, No. 113). Cambridge, 1959.*

Tazieff, Haroun: South from the Red Sea. Translated from the French edition by Naomi Lewis. London, 1956.*

Thurston, Edgar: The Sea Fisheries of Malabar and South Canara. Published by the Madras Government Museum (Bulletin, Vol. III, No. 2). Madras, 1900.*

Tibbetts, G. R. Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean Before the Coming of the Portuguese. A translation of the Kitāb al-Fawā’id fī Uṣūl al-Baḥr wa’l-Qawā’id, “The Book of the Benefits of the Principles and Foundations of Seamanship,” by → Aḥmad Ibn Mājid an-Najdī. London: Oriental Translation Fund, Vol. XLII. The Royal Asiatic Society, 1971.

  • See → dabūsa and → monsoon under Glossary and → Aḥmad Ibn Mājid an-Najdī under Characters.

Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1965 (1st ed. 1952). Perhaps somewhat dated, the history of the peoples, cultures, and religions of Greater Ethiopia is still valid and valuable.

Turner, Samuel P.: The Bergantín, a Little Known Craft from the Early Spanish Period in the New World, in The Archaeology of Vernacular Watercraft. Edited by Amanda M. Evans. Berlin, 2016.*

U

Uhlig, Siegbert (editor). Encylopaedia Aethiopica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 5 volumes, 2003 –2012. Although the main audience is academic, most articles are readable also for non-specialists. It uses an in-house transcription system of → Geez and → Amharic, which varies considerably from other romanization schemes. 

Ukers, William H. All About Coffee. New York: The Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company, 1935. An excellent 818-page monograph that regrettably does not delve into the origin of coffee drinking in greater detail. See → coffee under Glossary at www.prestejoao.com. Also see Ralph S. → Hattox and Carsten → Niebuhr.

V

Valentia, George Viscount [George Annesley]: Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the Years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806. 3 volumes. London, 1809.*

Varthema, Ludovico di. The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema … 1503 to 1508. Translated from the original Italian edition of 1510 and with a preface by John Winter → Jones and edited by George Percy Badger. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1863.*

  • Varthema traveled to some of the same places as Covilhã, albeit somewhat later, when the Portuguese were already in the Indian Ocean.
  • Like Covilhã he visited Mecca and Medina disguised as a Moor—and was thus not the first Christian to do so, as has been often claimed.
  • His account is accurate and entertaining—a good read.
  • The epigraph introducing Interludium / EUDÆMON quotes from p. 59.

Villiers, Alan: Sons of Sinbad. An Account of Sailing with the Arabs in their Dhows, in the Red Sea, round the Coasts of Arabia, and to Zanzibar and Tanganyika; Pearling in the Persian Gulf; and the Life of the Shipmasters and the Mariners of Kuwait. New York, 1940.*

Villiers, Alan: The Indian Ocean. London, 1952.*

W

Waterhouse, Francis A.: Gun Running in the Red Sea. London, 1936.*

Wayessa, Bula Sirika. “Sweeteners are not always sweet: the social and economic consequences of the growing demand for sugar in Ethiopia.” In International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology,  IJAE 6(1), December, 2022. At https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359633719….

Wiebeck, Erno: Indische Boote und Schiffe. Rostock, 1987.*

Wiebeck, Erno and Hermann Winkler: Segler im Monsun. Die Dau am Indischen Ozean. Rostock, 2000.*

Wink, André: Al-Hind. The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. III: Indo-Islamic Society. 14th–15th Centuries. Leiden, 2004.*

X

[No current entries under this letter]

Y

Yule, Henry and A. C. Burnell: Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. London, 1886; 2nd edition (edited by William Crooke), London, 1903.*

Z

[No current entries under this letter]